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A durable place to store and query app data such as users, posts, payments, sessions, and settings.
A database is different from memory or a JSON file because it is designed for persistence, queries, concurrency, and backups. If data must survive deploys, server restarts, or multiple users editing at once, it belongs in a database.
Plainly
Think of Database as a labeled box where an app keeps important things. A durable place to store and query app data such as users, posts, payments, sessions, and settings.
In practice
Use it when a feature reads, writes, migrates, validates, or audits stored information. In practice, define the owner, input, output, and failure mode before you rely on it.