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Deciding what an authenticated user or system is allowed to do.
Authorization answers “are you allowed?” A user may be logged in but still not allowed to edit another user’s profile, see admin data, or trigger a production deploy. Good authorization checks live on the backend, not only in hidden frontend buttons.
Plainly
Think of Authorization as the lock and rules that keep people and data safe. Deciding what an authenticated user or system is allowed to do.
In practice
Use it when a workflow touches secrets, permissions, user data, payments, or untrusted input. In practice, define the owner, input, output, and failure mode before you rely on it.